Example of critical essay writing
Research Paper Topics For Educational Management
Monday, August 24, 2020
Asian American Dreams Essay Sample free essay sample
Asiatic American Dreams is really an influencing book. It is contacting non in light of the fact that it is a fiction with many voyaging mystery plans and the legend or diacetylmorphine has voyaging highlights â⬠absolutely talking it is non a fiction â⬠but since it gives a portrayal. an announcement. an admission from the situation of an Asiatic American grown-up female creator who uncovered so scrappy. so sincerely. so genuinely. her guiltless emotions about her being as an Asiatic American. Helen Zia. the young lady of Chinese settlers. conceived in New Jersey. experienced childhood in the 1950ss when there were only 150. 000 Chinese Americans in the full state. As an honor winning columnist who lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. Zia has secured Asiatic American people group and cultural and political movements for in excess of twenty mature ages. Not the same as different minorities gatherings. she accepted what Chinese Americans wished to be was non how to proceed with their social uniqueness. We will compose a custom article test on Asian American Dreams Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page on the other hand. they attempted to inquire about by what they could be made a to the full American. Be that as it may. she was obviously disappointed with she was everlastingly considered as a ââ¬Å"alienâ⬠even she was conceived in New Jersey. ââ¬Å"There is a drill. â⬠she composed. ââ¬Å" that pretty much all Asians in America have encountered a greater number of times than they can number. Whole outsiders will disturb with the ludicrously experiential request ââ¬ËWhat right? ââ¬â¢ Or the each piece normal enquiry ââ¬ËWhere are your from? ââ¬â¢ Their inquiries are all around well meaning. made in the equivalent degage mode that you may use to get some information about a poochââ¬â¢s strain. â⬠She unmistakably called attention to a situation that Asiatic Americans. particularly Chinese Americans. had been facing in the American scene. There had been generalized political directions unaccommodating the political and cultural situation of Chinese Americans. A portion of the stereotypic develops were unintended. nil malignant. They potentially were only a product of cultural collaborations between various cultural. social gatherings. every one of which keeping a culture-based ( or perhaps ethnic-closed-mindedness ) purpose of position. In any case. a portion of those employments may hold rose due to the cultural. political. authentic and financial world. Zia other than portrayed Asians Americans as an American minority. which could non fence from being racially and ethnically recognized. A passage in his book addressed the issue of value: ââ¬Å"Comparison between the throwing of Morgan Freeman and Jonathan Pryce other than disregard the one time regular example of Caucasic histrions using make-up to obscure their coverings to play minorities. while. at a similar clasp. different histrions were banned from capacities totally on account of the shade of their covering. To farther recommend that Equity advocates the shockable position that Jews can just play Jews. or then again Italians can simply play Italians. or on the other hand any comparable throwing that is drawn simply along racial or social lines. entirely contorts the issue. Jews have ever had the option to play Italians. Italians have ever had the option to play Jews. what's more, both have ever had the option to play Asian. Asiatic histrions. by the by. about neer get the opportunity to play either Jews or Italians and proceed to battle even to play themselves. â⬠Zia archived in incredible thing the issue of the show Miss Saigon. ââ¬Å"After Pryce left Miss Saigon in 1992. each Engineer has been played by a histrion of Asiatic plummet. Notwithstanding Mackintoshââ¬â¢s beginning explanation that no Asiatic Americans were fit for moving the significant capacities. the dramatization has effectively cycled a few coevalss of Asiatic performing specialists through its positions â⬠an immediate result of the actorsââ¬â¢ fight. ââ¬ËWe may hold lost the contention. yet, we won the war. ââ¬â¢ said B. D. Wong. â⬠â⬠¦ . Zia other than saw the adjustments that had been going on. ââ¬Å"The improvement of new Asiatic American people group other than confounded the impression of causing an Asiatic American to relate to social picture that can supplant evil and shortsighted generalization s. In the event that there was ever a ââ¬Ësingleââ¬â¢ distinction bunch that could be depicted as differing. Asiatic Americans are it. With our invariable developing and adjustment. we are our ain moving imprint. There is no enormous Asiatic American progress ; it would be increasingly exact to discuss Asiatic American human advancements. Is it conceivable to make social images and look that can pass on the bounty and unpredictability of Asiatic Audience? â⬠ââ¬Å"Film and video aggressors made media communities in Los Angeles. New York. San Francisco. Seattle. what's more, Boston in the seventiess in light of the fact that Asiatic American had no dish to standard broadcasting and film creation. Media aggressors clung to specific standards for their plants: ââ¬ËThe clench hand was that being Asiatic American rose above the experience of being altogether Chinese. Korean. or on the other hand Nipponese American. ââ¬â¢ composed Stephen Gong in Traveling the Image: Independent Asian Pacific American Media Arts. ââ¬ËThe second was a faith in the intensity of the media to result cultural and social changeâ⬠¦Mangy anticipated the opportunity of supplanting negative media generaliz ations with progressively solid and affirmatory pictures. ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ However. as Zia cited Renee Tajima-Pena. a movie producer who delivered Who Killed Vincent Chin? what's more, My America: ââ¬Å"What still stayed from the 1970s was the feeling that we as Asiatic American innovative people were building a container Asian American human advancement from scraped spot. â⬠In the terminal of the book. Zia refered to the Washington Post over the occurrence of Wen Ho Li: ââ¬Å"Chinaââ¬â¢s descrying. they state. all the more normally includes coaxing pieces of data out of sing remote specialists and entrusting 1000s of Chinese abroad to pass on insider facts home one at a clasp like emmets shipping grains of sand. The Chinese have been piecing such grains of sand since at any rate the fourth century BC. at the point when the military thinker Sun Tzu noticed the estimation of reconnaissance in his definitive work. The Art of War. â⬠Zia composed. rebuting the Washington Postââ¬â¢s new China descrying phantasy: ââ¬Å"Students of history will recognize that the suggestion to ââ¬Å"antsâ⬠beholds back to Cold War avocation to drop nuclear bombs on China. whose individuals were compared to bugs. prepared to abound into different states. History fans will other than recollect that bitter challengers Athinais and Sparta were secured together in the Peloponnesian Wars around the clasp that Sun Tzu was forming his great ; positively Western civilisation had found the specialty of reconnaissance by so. Without a doubt. the Bible makes a few referenced to covert specialists â⬠hundreds of years before Sun Tzu. Be that as it may, fitting to the ââ¬Å"experts. â⬠the social inclination of China toward surveillance turns all Chinese American and sing China subjects. from understudies and tourers to concern delegates and ambassadors into conceivable covert operators for China. â⬠Zia in the long run communicated her true engaging for the option to hold a similar American dream as some other American social gatherings have. She stated: ââ¬Å"All Americans have an association in a fair society that maintains its guarantee of uniformity and justness. It is a clasp when new Asiatic Americans are making out intensel y to different networks to divide our dramsââ¬
Saturday, August 22, 2020
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF TRANSFER TO ALTITUDE. ADVICE TO TRAVELLERS Essay
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF TRANSFER TO ALTITUDE. Guidance TO Travelers - Essay Example Remote uneven zones by and large come up short on the clinical offices which we underestimate at lower heights of typical residence, and adrift level. Trekkers and climbers from the fields have in this manner to be furnished with information, helps, and medications to forestall and to treat sicknesses which will in general emerge at curiously high elevations (Peacock, 1998). Indeed, even clinical experts with essential wellbeing encounters and authority aptitudes in irrelevant regions, require direction in the nature and methods of high elevation medicinal services, to avoid mentioning the lay open which is so pulled in to make abrupt and speedy visits to hilly goals. This report harps on the anticipation and treatment of basic afflictions at high elevations, in the wake of characterizing the circumstance and identifying the impacts on physiology when a body is shipped to a noteworthy stature where extraordinary air conditions win. It is planned for a general crowd, instead of for medicinal services experts, and is anything but a substitute for individual clinical discussion in explicit cases. All individuals who travel in airplane or visit high elevations ought to talk with their essential consideration doctors for singular medicines, which this article doesn't look to give. The 5 thousand and 9 thousand meter characteristics of tallness above ocean level are huge for individuals in ordinary conditions of wellbeing. This is on the grounds that oxygen accessibility, pneumatic stress, temperature, and wind conditions are so extraordinary at these heights contrasted with those which typically win adrift level. Despite the fact that adjustments in these parameters are relative to stature picked up in a trip, individuals in typical wellbeing who move to under 5 thousand meters need play it safe, other than to dress suitably to battle the cold and frigid and solid breeze. Conditions at the 9 thousand meter tallness mark fall apart pointedly from those at lower elevations, making diseases and health related crises almost certain for even the individuals who have been
Thursday, August 13, 2020
How to Pick Your Own Essay Topics in College
<h1>How to Pick Your Own Essay Topics in College</h1><p>One of the most troublesome pieces of school is picking your own paper subjects. You can be prepared for school, yet it sets aside some effort to get familiar with the different article subjects and discover a point that fits with what you are contemplating. In addition to the fact that you have to comprehend what you need to expound on and what sort of article, however you additionally need to locate the ideal topic for the sort obviously you are taking.</p><p></p><p>The most troublesome activity is choose where to begin. While there are many courses offered at your school, some of them might be more well known than others. On the off chance that your school offers in excess of a bunch of courses, odds are that the more mainstream courses are simpler to decide for your article themes. The absolute most mainstream subjects incorporate history, science, history of writing, among others.&l t;/p><p></p><p>There are different subjects that are increasingly hard to pick on account of unique reasons. A portion of these subjects incorporate aesthetic sciences and religion, since it requires an alternate learning style than different subjects. They are excellent subjects for the ones who need to expound on religion or to the individuals who don't figure they will fit into another subject.</p><p></p><p>Knowing this, you should choose if you can take and compose an exposition on any of the themes you pick. The initial phase in choosing if you can compose an article is to discover what sort of evaluation you need. Typically, on the off chance that you don't compose an article on a specific theme, you can expect an evaluation lower than that required for a point that you can write.</p><p></p><p>One of the most effortless approaches to discover the evaluation you requirement for the subject you need to expound on is to search for specific inquiries on the test itself. Most understudies will be posed inquiries concerning their article points. On the off chance that you can address these inquiries effectively, you can without much of a stretch conjecture the evaluation you ought to get for the subject you choose.</p><p></p><p>To see whether you can compose your own article themes or not, you can give looking through a shot the Internet. There are numerous sites where you can request that different understudies compose their article subjects and perceive how well you do. The understudies are generally ready to help one another and offer guidance on the off chance that you ask them.</p><p></p><p>Another approach to learn on the off chance that you can compose your own article points is to attempt to get help from another understudy. Some of the time, when you can't think about a subject you can expound on, you can ask another understudy who can support you. A few classes have various understudies with numerous subjects that they can compose about.</p><p></p><p>Getting some assistance from different understudies on your expositions is perhaps the most ideal approaches to learn on the off chance that you can compose your own article themes. Along these lines, you will have the option to perceive how you do and whether you ought to consider composing the subject all alone. All things considered, on the off chance that you are attempting to make an exposition for a school test, at that point you need to get great grades.</p>
Friday, July 31, 2020
Untold Stories on Essay Basics Topics You Need to Read or Be Left Out
<h1> Untold Stories on Essay Basics Topics You Need to Read or Be Left Out </h1> <p>Moreover, the intelligible advancement of the hazardous in the paper is among the central perspectives when composing. Scholarly papers can't contain any signs of literary theft. No paper composed for one more customer is utilized for an alternate client. The most much of the time experienced paper composing administration that most of our customers require is exposition composing. </p> <h2> The Chronicles of Essay Basics Topics </h2> <p>Academic papers have an essential impact in your scholarly achievement. Understudies have occupied existences and as often as possible disregard a coming cutoff time. Each understudy requires help with schoolwork now and again. Most understudies feel that it is the absence of want to finish assignments that outcomes in the utilizing of composing administrations. </p> <p>Having chose an awesome theme to contend abou t, now you should make a contentious paper diagram. You are a certified master with respect to influential exposition subjects. In this sort of circumstance, it's progressively helpful to find instant expositions and use them for instance. At the point when you're composing such exposition, the object is to come out with the perfect school papers. </p> <p>Writing business expositions isn't as hard as you would accept. Every one of these assortments of paper is possessed by the class of useful article. In this way, numerous understudies and representatives choose to acquire modest article instead of composing it themselves. </p> <p>Our experts are among the absolute best in the commercial center, and they can assist you with creating the ideal paper that surpasses the entirety of your scholarly desires. Utilize the guide of genuine scholarly specialists and get the administration you have earned! The assistance here comes in different classifications. Mention to our specialists what kind of schoolwork help on the web you should get. </p> <h2> The New Angle On Essay Basics Topics Just Released </h2> <p>Just dependent on how best to concur with our realities apr 29, a subject of grant openings as of now. Pick a particular theme that others may not consider, and whatever you select, verify you know a great deal about it! In the event that you despite everything don't comprehend what exposition themes to expound on, view this intriguing rundown there are loads of proposals to consider and pick. There's no subject excessively hard for our specialists. </p> <p>Keep as a main priority that you're NOT composing your assessment regarding the matter. On the off chance that you settle on one of these themes, you'll without a doubt prevail to pull the enthusiasm of your crowd simply because they include the most recent conversation points. Get Goofy subjects despite everything need sound thinking and nice composition. On the off chance that you do, you can now compose on subjects which will be comical to them. </p> <h2>Essay Basics Topics Explained </h2> <p>Pick a charming article theme, and you're going to start getting a charge out of it. No one truly wishes to form a paper. When you grasp such a paper, it's an ideal opportunity to pick a subject. Thusly, take care while choosing a point for your questionable paper. </p> <p>Business exposition test is a useful piece of composing for understudies who don't see how to make a business article. Clever expositions are every now and again a ton progressively enjoyable to compose. There are a few fun paper points you could compose on. Reviewing entertaining expositions and making interesting paper subjects takes a sharp mind, an excellent comical inclination and the capacity to understand what clicks and so forth. </p> <p>It's additionally insightful to continually work to build your composing style and produce your article alluring to peruse and easy to explore. Recall your exposition shouldn't be a series of jokes, it's a story it needs to have a beginning, center and the end. An article is essentially more than only a breathtaking theory proclamation, a few sections in its whole body and an end. Composing a paper is a basic job in academe life. </p> <p>Remember you can cause entertaining pugnacious expositions in the event that you to do a couple of things. One of the primary hiccups in picking entertaining factious article points is that parody is a serious unstable field, and different individuals have different assessments of what satire is about. You may accept that intriguing paper titles do the entirety of the work, permitting you to include evident models and offer standard thoughts. Remember that business expositions should cover the subjects and issues that exist in th e real world instead of something speculative. </p>
Tuesday, July 21, 2020
Easy Essay Topics for Suny Schools
<h1>Easy Essay Topics for Suny Schools</h1><p>If you're searching for a simple method to locate the right paper points for Suny schools, at that point you are in karma. You don't need to look hard for an assortment of simple paper themes that you can use as your exposition's subject. Far better, they're all accessible for nothing online!</p><p></p><p>The first thing you'll need to do while looking for exposition themes is ensure you incorporate the Suny name in your article's title. For instance, if your school is known as the Suny School of Business, you'll need to incorporate this data at whatever point you're composing your article. Incorporate the name of the school, alongside the name of the Dean, and the complete name of the School of Business too. Likewise incorporate the name of the school, the logo of the school, and the President's bio.</p><p></p><p>You'll additionally need to get thoughts for your article po ints on the web. These thoughts can be found by visiting sites that will request that you round out a structure, or by doing your very own portion inquire about. There are a wide range of locales that can assist you with finding your article subjects for the Suny Schools.</p><p></p><p>You may even need to do some looking all alone by utilizing the web search tools on your PC. Make certain to enter the 'suny' search term into the inquiry bar on your internet browser. Now and again the inquiries will lead you to a particular school, here and there it will lead you to an article that discussions about the school.</p><p></p><p>So you've settled on your exposition subjects, yet what now? All things considered, there are various things you have to consider before you really begin composing your article. To start with, do you know whether your understudies have just found out about their subject? Do you believe it's fitting to place in themes that your understudies have as of now learned?</p><p></p><p>If along these lines, you might need to hold up until you see what they've realized for the current year. A few schools send their understudies out for the spring semester after they've wrapped up the coursework for the earlier year. You can find out about what they've realized and the level they've reached from them.</p><p></p><p>If you need to have a simple and agreeable time composing your Suny Schools article, you'll need to have these simple exposition subjects all set. They'll give you a lot of thoughts that you can pull from when you're prepared to begin composing your essay!</p>
Sunday, July 19, 2020
Financial Statement Analysis An Introduction
Financial Statement Analysis An Introduction Financial Statement Analysis is a method of reviewing and analyzing a companyâs accounting reports (financial statements) in order to gauge its past, present or projected future performance. This process of reviewing the financial statements allows for better economic decision making.Globally, publicly listed companies are required by law to file their financial statements with the relevant authorities. For example, publicly listed firms in America are required to submit their financial statements to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Firms are also obligated to provide their financial statements in the annual report that they share with their stakeholders. As financial statements are prepared in order to meet requirements, the second step in the process is to analyze them effectively so that future profitability and cash flows can be forecasted.Therefore, the main purpose of financial statement analysis is to utilize information about the past performance of the company in order to predict how it will fare in the future. Another important purpose of the analysis of financial statements is to identify potential problem areas and troubleshoot those. © Shutterstock.com | samuiHere, we will look at 1) the users of financial statement analysis, 2) the methods of financial statement analysis, 3) key accounting reports (the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows) and how they are analyzed, 4) other financial statement information, and 5) problems with financial statement analysis.USERS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISThere are different users of financial statement analysis. These can be classified into internal and external users. Internal users refer to the management of the company who analyzes financial statements in order to make decisions related to the operations of the company. On the other hand, external users do not necessarily belong to the company but still hold some sort of financial interest. These include owners, investors, creditors, government, employees, customers, and the general public. These users are elaborated on below:1. ManagementThe managers of the company use their financial statement analysis to make intelligent decisions about their performance. For instance, they may gauge cost per distribution channel, or how much cash they have left, from their accounting reports and make decisions from these analysis results.2. OwnersSmall business owners need financial information from their operations to determine whether the business is profitable. It helps in making decisions like whether to continue operating the business, whether to improve business strategies or whether to give up on the business altogether.3. InvestorsPeople who have purchased stock or shares in a company need financial information to analyze the way the company is performing. They use financial statement analysis to determine what to do with their investments in the company. So depending on how the company is doing, they will either hold onto their stock, sell it or buy more.4. CreditorsCreditors are interested in knowing if a company will be able to honor its payments as they become due. They use cash flow analysis of the companyâs accounting records to measure the companyâs liquidity, or its ability to make short-term payments.5. GovernmentGoverning and regulating bodies of the state look at financial statement analysis to determine how the economy is performing in general so they can plan their financial and industrial policies. Tax authorities also analyze a companyâs statements to calculate the tax burden that the company has to pay.6. EmployeesEmployees need to know if their employment is secure and if there is a possibility of a pay raise. They want to be abreast of their companyâs profitability and stability. Employees may also be interested in knowing the companyâs financial position to see whether there may be plans for expansion and hence, career prospects for them.7. CustomersCustomers need to know about the ability of the company to service its clients into the future. The need to know about the companyâs stability of operations is heightened if the c ustomer (i.e. a distributor or procurer of specialized products) is dependent wholly on the company for its supplies.8. General PublicAnyone in the general public, like students, analysts and researchers, may be interested in using a companyâs financial statement analysis. They may wish to evaluate the effects of the firm on the environment, or the economy or even the local community. For instance, if the company is running corporate social responsibility programs for improving the community, the public may want to be aware of the future operations of the company.METHODS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISThere are two main methods of analyzing financial statements: horizontal or trend analysis, and vertical analysis. These are explained below along with the advantages and disadvantages of each method.Horizontal AnalysisHorizontal analysis is the comparison of financial information of a company with historical financial information of the same company over a number of reporting period s. It could also be based on the ratios derived from the financial information over the same time span. The main purpose is to see if the numbers are high or low in comparison to past records, which may be used to investigate any causes for concern. For example, certain expenditures that are high currently, but were well under budget in previous years may cause the management to investigate the cause for the rise in costs; it may be due to switching suppliers or using better quality raw material.This method of analysis is simply grouping together all information, sorting them by time period: weeks, months or years. The numbers in each period can also be shown as a percentage of the numbers expressed in the baseline (earliest/starting) year. The amount given to the baseline year is usually 100%. This analysis is also called dynamic analysis or trend analysis.Advantages and Disadvantages of Horizontal AnalysisWhen the analysis is conducted for all financial statements at the same time , the complete impact of operational activities can be seen on the companyâs financial condition during the period under review. This is a clear advantage of using horizontal analysis as the company can review its performance in comparison to the previous periods and gauge how itâs doing based on past results.A disadvantage of horizontal analysis is that the aggregated information expressed in the financial statements may have changed over time and therefore will cause variances to creep up when account balances are compared across periods.Horizontal analysis can also be used to misrepresent results. It can be manipulated to show comparisons across periods which would make the results appear stellar for the company. For instance, if the profits for this month are only compared with those of last month, they may appear outstanding but that may not be the case if compared with the same month the previous year. Using consistent comparison periods can address this problem.Vertical A nalysisVertical analysis is conducted on financial statements for a single time period only. Each item in the statement is shown as a base figure of another item in the statement, for a given time period, usually for year. Typically, this analysis means that every item on an income and loss statement is expressed as a percentage of gross sales, while every item on a balance sheet is expressed as a percentage of total assets held by the firm.Vertical analysis is also called static analysis because it is carried out for a single time period.Advantages and Disadvantages of Vertical AnalysisVertical analysis only requires financial statements for a single reporting period. It is useful for inter-firm or inter-departmental comparisons of performance as one can see relative proportions of account balances, no matter the size of the business or department.Because basic vertical analysis is constricted by using a single time period, it has the disadvantage of losing out on comparison across different time periods to gauge performance. This can be addressed by using it in conjunction with timeline analysis, which shows what changes have occurred in the financial accounts over time, such as a comparative analysis over a three-year period. For instance, if the cost of sales comes out to be only 30 percent of sales each year in the past, but this year the percentage comes out to be 45 percent, it would be a cause for concern.KEY FINANCIAL STATEMENTS HOW THEY ARE ANALYZEDThe main types of financial statements are the balance sheet, the income statement and the statement of cash flows. These accounting reports are analyzed in order to aid economic decision-making of a firm and also to predict profitability and cash flows.I. The Balance Sheet © Wikimedia CommonsThe balance sheet shows the current financial position of the firm, at a given single point in time. It is also called the statement of financial position. The structure of the balance sheet is laid out such that on one side assets of the firm are listed, while on the other side liabilities and shareholdersâ equity is shown. The two sides of the balance sheet must balance as follows:Assets = Liabilities + Shareholdersâ EquityThe main items on the balance sheet are explained below:Current AssetsCurrent assets held by the firm refer to cash and cash equivalents. These cash equivalents are assets that can be easily converted into cash within one year. Current assets include marketable securities, inventory and accounts receivable.Long-term AssetsLong-term assets are also called non-current assets and include fixed assets like plant, equipment and machinery, and property, etc.A firm records depreciation of its fixed, long-term assets every year. It is not an actua l expense of cash paid, but is only a reduction in the book value of the asset. The book value is calculated by subtracting the accumulated depreciation of prior years from the price of the assets.Total Assets = Current Assets + Book Value of Long-Term AssetsCurrent LiabilitiesCurrent liabilities of the firm are obligations that are due in less than one year. These include accounts payable, deferred expenses and also notes payable.Long-term LiabilitiesLong-term liabilities of the firm are financial payments or obligations due after one year. These include loans that the firm has to repay in more than a year, and also capital leases which the firm has to pay for in exchange for using a fixed asset.Shareholdersâ EquityShareholdersâ equity is also known as the book value of equity or net worth of the firm. It is the difference between total assets owned by a firm and total liabilities outstanding. It is different from the market value of equity (stock market capitalization) which i s calculated as follows: number of shares outstanding multiplied by the current share price.Balance Sheet AnalysisThe balance sheet is analyzed to obtain some key ratios that help explain the health of the firm at a given point in time. These metrics are as follows:Debt-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Total EquityThe debt-equity ratio is also called a leverage ratio. It is calculated to assess the leverage, or gearing, of a firm to show how much it relies on debt to finance its activities. This ratio has pertinent implications for the financial health of the firm and the risk and return of its shares.Market-to-Book Ratio = Market Value of Equity / Book Value of EquityThe market-to-book ratio is used to reflect any changes in a firmâs characteristics. The variations in this ratio also show any value added by the management and its growth prospects.Enterprise Value = Market Value of Equity + Debt â" CashThe enterprise value of a firm shows the underlying value of the business. It refle cts the true value of the firmâs assets, not including any cash or cash equivalents, while unencumbered by the debt the firm carries.II. The Income Statement © Wikimedia Commons | MicrosoftThe purpose of an income statement is to report the revenues and expenditures of a firm over a specific period of time. It was previously also called a profit and loss account. The general structure of the income statement with major components is as follows:Sales revenueâ" Cost of goods sold (COGS)= Gross profitâ" Selling, general and administrative costs (SGA)â" Research and development (RD)= Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)â" Depreciation and amortization= Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)â" Interest expense= Earnings before taxes (EBT)â" Taxes= Net incomeThe net income on the income statement, if positive, shows that the company has made a profit. If the net income is negative, it means the company incurred a loss.Earnings per share can be derived from knowing the total number of shares outstanding of the company:Earnings per Share = Net Income / Shares OutstandingIncome statement AnalysisSome us eful metrics based on the information provided in the income statement and the balance sheet are as follows:Profitability Ratios:1. Net profit margin: This ratio calculates the amount of profit that the company has earned after taxes and all expenses have been deducted from net sales.Net profit Margin =Net Income / Net Sales2. Return on Equity: This ratio is used to calculate company profit as a percentage of total equity.Return on Equity = Net Income / Book Value of EquityValuation Ratios:Price to earnings ratios (P/E ratio)The P/E ratio is used to evaluate whether the value of a stock is proportional to the level of earnings it can generate for its stockholders. It assesses whether the stock is overvalued or undervalued.(P/E) Ratio = Market Capitalization / Net Income = Share Price / Earnings per ShareIII. The Statement of Cash FlowsThe statement of cash flows shows explicitly the sources of the firmâs cash and where the cash is utilized. It is essentially a statement whereby th e net income is adjusted for non-cash expenses and any changes to the net working capital. It also reflects changes in cash coming from, or being used by, investing and financing activities of the firm. The structure and main components of the cash flow statement are as follows:Cash from operating activities = Net income + Depreciation ± Changes in net working capitalCash from financing activities = New debt + New shares â" Dividends â" Shares repurchasedCash from investment activities = Capital expenditure â" Proceeds from sales of long-term assetsAll three of the above determine the bottom line: changes in cash flows.Cash Flows Statement Analysis In order to measure how much cash is available to the company for investments without outside financing or money diverting from operations, it is useful to conduct a simple cash flow statement analysis. The free cash flow, as the name suggests, allows a company to be able to pay dividends, repay its debts, buy back its stock and also make new investments to facilitate future growth. The excess cash produced by the company, free cash flow, is calculated as follows:Net Income+ Amortization/Depreciation Changes in Working Capital Capital Expenditures= Free Cash FlowSome analysts also study the cash flow from operating activities to see if the company is earning âqualityâ income. In order for the company to be doing extremely well, the cash from operating activities must be consistently greater than the net income earned by the company.OTHER FINANCIAL STATEMENT INFORMATIONApart from the key financial statements, complete financial reporting statements also include the following:Business and Operating ReviewThe business and operating review is also called âmanagement discussion and analysisâ. It serves as a preface to all the complete reporting statements in which the management talks about recent events, discloses essential information regarding expansion and future plans, and discusses significant developme nts in the business industry.The business and operating review is a good place for the company to share any good news with the general public. They have room to elaborate on plans that would help enhance the companyâs image and address any unpleasant events that may have occurred, to show the customers that they truly care about talking openly to their customers.Statement of Change in Shareholdersâ EquityThe statement of change in shareholdersâ equity is also known as equity analysis. It provides information about all the changes in the companyâs equity value over a certain time period. It reconciles the opening balances of the equity accounts with the closing balances. There are two types of changes expressed in the statement of change in shareholdersâ equity:Changes arising from any transactions conducted with shareholders of the company. For example, issuing new shares, paying dividends, purchasing treasury stock, and issuing bonus shares, etc.Changes that are a result of alterations in the comprehensive income of the company. These changes might include revaluation of fixed assets, net income for the period and fair value of for-sale investments, etc.Notes to the Financial StatementsNotes to the financial statements are basically additional information provided in a companyâs financial statements. These notes provide details and information that are left out of the main reporting documents. They are important for the sake of clarity on many points as they outline the accounting methodology used for recording certain transactions. The notes to the financial statements are essentially footnotes because if included in the main statements, they would obscure the important information, as they are generally quite elaborate and detailed.The following notes are usually used to impart important disclosures for explaining the numbers on the financial statements:Notes that show the basis for presentationNotes that advise on significant accounting policie sNotes about valuing inventoryNotes about depreciating assetsNotes about intangible assetsNotes that disclose subsequent eventsNotes about employee benefitsNotes that reveal contingency plansPROBLEMS WITH FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSISFinancial statement analysis is a brilliant tool to gauge the past performance of a company and predict future performance, but there are several issues that one should be aware of before using the financial statement analysis results blindly, as these issues can interfere with how the results are interpreted. Some of the issues are:Comparability between CompaniesThis is a big issue for analysts because they can seemingly compare financial statement analyses between different companies on the basis of ratios used, but in reality it may not paint an accurate picture. The financial ratios of two different companies may be compared to see how they match up against each other, but each company may aggregate all their information different from each other in order to draw up their accounting statements. This may lead to incorrect conclusions drawn about a company in relation to other companies in the industry.Comparability between PeriodsThe change in accounts where financial information is stored may skew the results of the financial statement analysis, from one period to the next. For example, if a company records an expense in one period as cost of goods sold, while in another period, it is recorded as a selling and distribution expense, the analysis between those two periods would not be comparable.Operational InformationAnalysts do not take into account operational information of a company, as only financial information is analyzed and reviewed. There may be several indicators in operational information of the company which may be predictors of future performance, for example, the number of backlogged orders, any changes in licenses or warranty claims submitted to the company or even changes in the culture and work environment. The refore, analysis of financial information may only relay half the story. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons under public domain, Wikimedia Commons | Microsoft under public domain.
Tuesday, July 7, 2020
Always Do Your Best Writing Paper Tips
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